The sempiternal French vision of Europe

A solid foundation: gaullo-mitterrandism

Soul-searching after the Cold War

Back to the future: Emmanuel Macron's presidency

Reinforcing factors - outside

Doubts about America

Expanding China

The renaissance of great power politics

Impeding factors - inside

German ambiguity: pacifist Atlanticism, nationalist EU "federalism"

Eastern Concerns: Russophobia vs. Russia policy

Almighty NATO: undermining European autonomy

The paradox of deepening integration: in unity is ... weakness?

European model, but how far?

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